First, investigators attempting to detect deception on the part of the suspect appear to demonstrate a bias toward perceiving guilt, and research suggests that this investigative bias may lead to a pressure-filled, guilt-presumptive interrogation that places innocent suspects at risk. Second, both field and laboratory studies have demonstrated the use of psychologically manipulative interrogation techniques both increases the likelihood of false confession and reduces the overall diagnostic value of interrogative information. Third, certain characteristics or psychological vulnerabilities have been shown to make some suspects more susceptible to providing a false confession.” (Meissner et al, 2009)(p.197)